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دانلود کتاب PMF IAS Environment for UPSC 2024-25 | 3rd Edition
دانلود کتاب محیط PMF IAS برای UPSC 2024-25 | نسخه 3
مشخصات کتاب
PMF IAS Environment for UPSC 2024-25 | 3rd Edition
ویرایش: 3
نویسندگان: Manjunath Thamminidi
سری:
ناشر: PMF IAS
سال نشر: 2024
تعداد صفحات: 799
زبان: English
فرمت فایل : PDF (درصورت درخواست کاربر به PDF، EPUB یا AZW3 تبدیل می شود)
حجم فایل: 40 مگابایت
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فهرست مطالب
1. Environment, Habitat and Ecosystem 1.1. Basics Environment Habitat Habitat vs Environment Ecosystem Classification of Ecosystems Ecosystem vs Environment vs Ecology 1.2. Components of an Ecosystem Abiotic Components [UPSC 2015] Which one of the following is the best description of the term “ecosystem”? Explanation Answer: c) A community of organisms together with the environment in which they live. [UPSC 2012] If a tropical rainforest is removed, it does not regenerate quickly as compared to a tropical deciduous forest. This is because Explanation Answer: a) the soil of rain forest is deficient in nutrients Major Abiotic Limiting Factors Effect of Abiotic Components on Terrestrial Autotrophs Light Frost Snow Temperature Nitrogen Dieback Biotic Components Primary Producers / Autotrophs Consumers / Heterotrophs Macro Consumers Micro Consumers 2. Ecology – Principles and Organizations 2.1. Levels of Organizations in Ecology Individual and Species Population Identifying Populations using Pugmarks Community Stable Community Ecosystem Ecological Niche Difference Between Niche and Habitat [UPSC 2013] Which one of the following terms describes not only the physical space occupied by an organism but also its functional role in the community of organisms? Explanation Answer: b) Niche Biome Ecotone Characteristics of An Ecotone Ecocline Edge Effect and Edge Species Biosphere 2.2. Principles of Ecology Adaptation Examples of Adaptation Morphological Archaebacteria (Archaea) and Eubacteria [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements: How many of the above statements are correct? Explanation Statement 1 is correct Statement 2 is correct Statement 3 is correct Physiological Behavioural Halophytes Variation Adaptive radiation Speciation Allopatric Speciation Parapatric Speciation Sympatric Speciation Hybridization Mutation Natural Selection Evolution Extinction Q. Which of the following are true? Codes: Explanation Answer: b) 2, 3 only Q. Choose the incorrect pairs Codes: Explanation Answer: c) 1, 2, 3 only (incorrect pairs) [UPSC 2018] The term “sixth mass extinction/sixth extinction” is often mentioned in the news in the context of the discussion of (2018) Extinction Events Answer: d) 3. Functions of an Ecosystem – Succession and Homeostasis 3.1. Ecological Succession Stages in Ecological Succession Primary Succession [UPSC 2014] Lichens, which are capable of initiating ecological succession even on a bare rock, are actually a symbiotic association of Explanation Answer: b) Algae and Fungai [UPSC 2021] In nature, which of the following is/are likely to be found surviving on a surface without soil? Select the correct answer using the code given below Explanation Answer: c) 2 and 3 Autotrophic and Heterotrophic succession Secondary Succession Explanation Difference Between Primary and Secondary Succession Autogenic and Allogenic Succession [UPSC 2013] In the grasslands, trees do not replace the grasses as a part of an ecological succession because of Explanation Answer: c) Succession in Plants Succession in Water 3.2. Homeostasis in Ecosystem Homeostasis Regulate Conform Conformers have not evolved to become regulators Migrate Suspend 4. Functions of an Ecosystem – Trophic Levels 4.1. Food Chain Grazing food chain Detritus food chain [UPSC 2013] With reference to the food chains in ecosystems, which of the following kinds of organism(s) is/are known as decomposer organism(s)? Select the correct answer using the codes given below. Explanation Humus Answer: b) 2 and 3 only [UPSC 2021] Which of the following are detritivores? Explanation Answer: c) 1, 3 and 5 only 4.2. Food Web Types of Biotic Interactions in a Food Web Interactions Species Effect Comments 1 2 Negative Interactions Positive Interactions Neutral Interactions [UPSC 2014] Which one of the following is the correct sequence of a food chain? Explanation Answer: (a) Diatoms-Crustaceans-Herrings (NCERT) [2021] Consider the following kinds of organisms: Which of the above are primary producers in the food chains of oceans? Explanation Answer: b) 2 and 3 only [UPSC 2013] With reference to food chains in ecosystems, consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: a) 1 only [2021] Which of the following have species that can establish symbiotic relationship with other organisms? Explanation Answer: d) 1, 2 and 3 4.3. Ecological Pyramids Pyramid of Numbers Pyramid of Numbers – Upright Pyramid of Numbers – Inverted Pyramid of Biomass Pyramid of Biomass – Upright Pyramid of Biomass – Inverted Pyramid of Energy Ecological Efficiency Explanation Limitations of Ecological Pyramids Biomagnification – Pollutants and Trophic Level Bioaccumulation Biomagnification 5. Functions of an Ecosystem – Biogeo Chemical Cycling Elements in the Human Body 5.1. Types of Nutrient Cycles 5.2. Carbon Cycle (Gaseous Cycle) Steps in the Carbon Cycle [UPSC 2011] Consider the following: Which of the above adds carbon dioxide to the carbon cycle on Earth? Explanation Answer: c) 2, 3 and 4 only [UPSC 2014] Which one of the following is the process involved in photosynthesis? Explanation Answer: b) 5.3. Nitrogen Cycle (Gaseous Cycle) Nitrogen Fixing – N2 to Ammonia (NH3) N2-Fixers Nitrification – Ammonia to Nitrites and Nitrates Importance of Nitrification Ammonification – Urea, Uric Acid to NH3 to Nitrite Denitrification – Nitrate to Nitrogen Nitrogen Cycle Summary [UPSC 2013] Which of the following adds/add nitrogen to the soil? Select the correct answer using the codes given below. Explanation Excretion of urea and Dead Biomass Burning of coal Answer: c) 1 and 3 only (debatable between (c) and (d)) [UPSC 2015] What can be the impact of excessive use of nitrogenous fertilisers in agriculture? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation Excessive Fertilization Suppresses N2 Fixers Excessive Fertilization and Nitrogen Leaching Excessive Fertilization Contributes to Acid Rain Answer: c) 2 and 3 only 5.4. Methane Cycle (Gaseous Cycle) Natural Sources of Methane Emissions Wetlands Termites Oceans Methane Hydrates Permian–Triassic Extinction (Third Mass Extinction) Human Sources of Methane Emissions Landfills Wastewater Treatment Fossil Fuels Livestock Rice Cultivation Biomass Burning Methane Sink Reaction with the hydroxyl radical Methane Hydrates 5.5. Phosphorus Cycle (Sedimentary cycle) 5.6. Sulphur Cycle (Mostly Sedimentary Cycle) Steps in Sulphur Cycle [UPSC 2022] Among the following crops, which one is the most important anthropogenic source of both methane and nitrous oxide? Explanation Answer: b) Rice (excessive irrigation and overuse of fertilisers) [UPSC 2019] Which of the following statements are correct about the deposits of methane hydrate? Select the correct answer using the code given below: Answer: d) all [UPSC 2018] With reference to agricultural soils, consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: b) 3 only [UPSC 2021] In case of which one of the following biogeochemical cycles, the weathering of rocks is the main source of release of nutrient to enter the cycle? 6. Wetland Ecosystem 6.1. Differences Between Wetlands and Lakes 6.2. Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Differences between Lagoon and Estuary Importance of Estuaries Ecological Importance Economic Importance Estuarine Vegetation Indian Estuarine Ecosystem Threats Faced by the Estuarine Ecosystem 6.3. Mangroves Adaptive Mechanism of Mangroves Mangroves in India Mangroves of Sundarbans Bengal tigers may not survive climate change Other major Mangrove Forests on the East Coast Mangrove Forests on the West Coast [UPSC 2016] What is/are unique about ‘Kharai camel’, a breed found in India? (2016) Select the correct answer using the code given below. Kharai Camel – India’s swimming camels Answer: a) 1 and 2 only Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats and Tangible Incomes (MISHTI) Programme Global Status of Mangrove Cover Why are mangroves not found beyond subtropics? Importance of mangroves [UPSC 2013] Which one of the following is the correct sequence of ecosystems in the order of decreasing productivity? Explanation Answer: c) Mangroves, grasslands, lakes, oceans Threats to Mangroves [UPSC 2019] Discuss the causes of the depletion of mangroves and explain their importance in maintaining coastal ecology. Aquaculture, Agriculture and Salt Ponds Consequences Coastal Development and Lumbering Consequence: Habitat loss and climate vulnerability The Curious Case of Mumbai’s Coastal Road Project Ecological and Economic Damage Climate Change Replantation Does not Produce Optimum Results 6.4. Importance of Wetlands [UPSC 2022] “If rainforests and tropical’ forests are the lungs of the Earth, then surely, ‘wetlands function as its kidneys.” Which one of the following functions of wetlands best reflects the above statement? Explanation 6.5. Reasons for the Depletion of Wetlands Mitigation of Wetland Destruction 6.6. Measures to Protect Wetlands of India National Plan for Conservation of Aquatic Eco-systems (NPCA) Wetlands (Conservation-Management) Rules 2010 Wetlands (Conservation-Management) Rules 2017 State Wetland Authority What CAN NOT be notified as wetlands under the Rules? Prohibited activities (very much similar to the 2011 rules) Concerns 6.7. Measures to Protect Global Wetlands Ramsar Convention on Wetlands Criteria for Identification of Wetlands Contracting Parties (COP) to Ramsar Convention The Responsibilities of the Contracting Parties [UPSC 2019] Consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: c) 3 only International Organisation Partners Other Partners Wetlands International [UPSC 2014] With reference to a conservation organisation called ‘Wetlands International’, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Answer: Wetlands International is an NGO. b) 2 only Ramsar Site Deletion from the List Transboundary Ramsar Sites The Montreux Record [UPSC 2014] If a wetland of international importance is brought under the ‘Montreux Record’, what does it imply? Answer: a) 7. Natural Ecosystems 7.1. Terrestrial Ecosystems or Biomes Major Biomes Tundra Forest Grassland Desert Tundra Biome Taiga or Boreal Biome Podzols Temperate Deciduous Biome (North-Western Europe – British Type Climate) Temperate Rainforest Biome Sub-Tropical Deciduous Biome in Eastern China, South-eastern USA Steppe or Temperate Grassland Biome Temperate Deciduous Biome (Mediterranean) Tropical Deciduous Biome (Monsoon Climate) Savanna or Tropical Wet and Dry Biome Managed Fires Rejuvenates Savannas Tropical Rainforest Biome Importance of Rainforests Climate Importance of the Amazon Rainforest Threats: Frequent Fires in the Amazon Rainforest Prolonged droughts due to climate change Slash and burn agricultural practice Political Discourse and Land grabbers How do the fires in the Amazon affect the world? Carbon sink to carbon source and global warming Forest fires intensify droughts Pollution and Global Warming Forest Fires and Droughts Make Way for Grasslands (Decrease in Productivity) Forefires are essential for other Ecosystems Fires give new life Catastrophic Forest Fires Threats: Plantation Boom, Resource Extraction Effects of Destroying Rainforests Soil Degradation Droughts and famine Commercial plantation crops would fail in the long run Extinction of indigenous communities [UPSC 2013] Which of the following is/are unique characteristic/characteristics of equatorial forests? Select the correct answer using the code given below: Answer: every single statement is correct Desert Biome 7.2. Aquatic Ecosystems Aquatic Organisms Factors Limiting the Productivity Sunlight Photic zone Aphotic zone Winterkill Impact of Global Warming on Dissolved Oxygen Temperature 7.3. Natural Ecosystem Services and Goods Quantifying the Economic Value of Natural Ecosystems (Ecosystem valuation) The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB) [UPSC 2016] With reference to an initiative called ‘The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity (TEEB)’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2016) Select the correct answer using the code given below. Answer: Statement 1) is false; d) 2 and 3 only Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) Ecological services offered by the Himalayan States Global scenario Amazon Fund Gross Environment Product (GEP) and Green GDP Ecosystem Services by Seagrass Importance of Seagrass [UPSC 2015] With reference to ‘dugong’, a mammal found in India, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 Answer: c) 1 and 3 Threats faced by seagrass Eutrophication Ecosystem Services by Seaweed Commercial Significance Ecological Importance of Seaweed Cultivation Treating coastal pollution Oxygen and Nutrient Supply Ocean Macroalgal Afforestation (OMA) Other Utilities Seaweed Cultivation: Potential in India Challenges to seaweed harvesting in India 8. Biodiversity and Loss of Biodiversity 8.1. Terms Related to Biodiversity Biodiversity Species Richness Species Evenness Alpha, Beta and Gamma Diversity Genetic Diversity Species Diversity Ecological Diversity Endemism Species Types Keystone species Bioprospecting Biopiracy 8.2. Biodiversity of India Realms Biomes, Biogeographic Zones and Provinces 8.3. Biodiversity Hot Spots Hope Spots Biodiversity Hotspots in India [UPSC 2010] Consider the following statements: Explanation Answer: d) neither 8.4. Loss of Biodiversity The Extent of Biodiversity Loss as per IPBES Report Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) Key Points From Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services 2019 Living Planet Report 2022 The State of the World’s Birds Prelims Practice: Consider the following statements regarding ‘The State of the World’s Birds’. Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: b) 2 only 8.5. Causes Behind Biodiversity Loss Habitat Loss and Fragmentation Consequence: Barrier Effect and Associated Damage Explanation Fragmentation of India’s Tiger Habitats Due to Highways Alien Species Invasions Consequence: Destruction of Sholas by Invasive Species Even the grasslands are in danger How are invasive species introduced into an ecosystem? Threats to native wildlife from invasive species Over-Exploitation Species Extinction Co-extinctions Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO/Transgenic Organisms) The Curious Case of Genetically Modified Mosquitoes Trade in Wildlife Pollution and Climate Change 8.6. Consequences of Loss of Biodiversity Affects Livelihood Food and Nutritional Security Crisis Human-animal Conflict Causes Impacts Preventive and Mitigation strategies Culling – Conservation or Biodiversity loss? Natural culling Culling by humans – controlled culling Why did controlled culling become necessary? The practice of Culling worldwide Animal Welfare Activists vs Pro Culling Lobby Increased Zoonoses Due to Habitat Loss How does the change in ecosystems and biodiversity loss help Zoonoses thrive? Adverse Changes to Biotic Interactions 9. Biodiversity Conservation 9.1. In situ conservation Reserved and Protected Forests Wildlife Sanctuaries or Wildlife Refuges Tiger Reserves [UPSC 2023] Identify and discuss the factors responsible for diversity of natural vegetation in India. As-sess the significance of wildlife sanctuaries in rain forest regions of India. (Answer in 250 words) National Park Biosphere Reserve UNESCO’s Criteria for designation Seville Strategy Core Buffer Strategy Core area Buffer zone Transition area [UPSC 2014] The most important strategy for the conservation of biodiversity together with traditional human life is the establishment of Explanation Answer: a) Eco-Sensitive Zones (ESZs) Legal Status Activities Prohibited/Restricted/Allowed in ESZs [UPSC 2014] With reference to ‘Eco-Sensitive Zones’, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation Answer: d) Neither Conservation Reserves Community Reserves [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements: Once the Central Government notifies an area as a ‘Community Reserve’ How many of the above statements are correct? Explanation Statement 1 is incorrect, and Statements 2, 3 and 4 are correct Answer: c) Only three Sacred Groves 9.2. Ex Situ Conservation [UPSC 2011-12] Which one of the following is not a site for in-situ method of conservation of flora? Explanation Answer: b) Botanical Garden 9.3. National Initiatives Wildlife Mitigation Measures – Eco-Bridges Quarantine Centres to Check Invasive Species Issues with the functioning of the quarantine centres Preservation of the Western and Eastern Ghats Western Ghats Eastern Ghats Madhav Gadgil Committee Recommendations of Gadgil Committee (WGEEP) Report Kasturirangan Committee Recommendations of the Kasturirangan Committee October 2018 notification Historic Citizen Movements Chipko Movement Role of Sunderlal Bhaguna Role of Women in the Movement Appiko Movement Anti-Tehri Dam Protest 9.4. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (PGRFA) [UPSC 2016] Consider the following pairs: Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? Explanation Answer: c) 3 only [UPSC 2014] Consider the following international agreements: Which of the above has/have a bearing on the biodiversity? Answer: d) all Aichi Biodiversity Targets Sharm El Sheikh Declaration – New Deal for Nature COP-15 of the UN CBD India’s Demands at COP 15 Post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework 4 Global Goals by 2050 23 Global Targets By 2030 1) Reducing threats to biodiversity (by 2030) – 8 Targets 2) Meeting people’s needs through sustainable use and benefit-sharing (by 2030) – 5 Targets 3) Tools and solutions for implementation and mainstreaming (by 2030) – 10 Targets 9.5. Other International Efforts Global Partnership on Forest and Landscape Restoration (GPFLR) Bonn Challenge [UPSC 2021] With reference to the ‘New York Declaration on Forests,’ which of the following statements are correct? Explanation Answer: a) 1, 2 and 4 only Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) Mains Practice: What do you understand by Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR)? While identifying the principles of FLR enumerate the initiatives taken by the Government to restore India’s Forest and Tree Cover.. World Forestry Congress and Seoul Declaration Prelims Practice: “Seoul Declaration”, which was in the news recently, is related to? Explanation Prelims Practice: Recently AFFIRM and SAFE initiatives were in news. They are related to? Explanation Initiatives By The UN United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests 2017–2030 Decade on Ecosystem Restoration Biodiversity Finance Initiative (BIOFIN) UNESCO World Heritage Sites 10. Wildlife Conservation Part I 10.1. Regulating Trade in Wildlife Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Parties to CITES [UPSC 2015] With reference to the IUCN and the CITES, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct using the code given below. Explanation Answer: b) 2 and 3 only Conference of Parties to CITES (CoP) Functioning of CITES The protection offered to species by CITES The 18th Conference of the Parties to CITES (CoP18) 19th Conference of the Parties to CITES (CoP19) India’s Proposals Jeypore Ground (Indian) Gecko (EN) North Indian Rosewood/Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) Other Proposals Thelenota (Sea Cucumbers) Ivory Trade CITES Tiger Enforcement Task Force Monitoring the Illegal Killing of Elephants (MIKE) The Wildlife Trade Monitoring Network (TRAFFIC) [UPSC 2017] Consider the following statements in respect of TRAFFIC: Which of the above statements is/are correct? Answer: b) Coalition Against Wildlife Trafficking (CAWT) 10.2. Policies/Laws Concerning CITES in India Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972 WPA 2022 Policies Regulating Foreign Trade Foreign Trade (Development and Regulation) Act 1992 Foreign Trade Policy (2009-2014) EXIM Policy Enforcement: Wildlife Crime Control Bureau WCCB’s Operation ‘Clean Art ‘Not all animals migrate by choice’ campaign 10.3. Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) The 13th Conference of the Parties to CMS (CoP13) Central Asian Mammals Initiative Major Animals Included in Central Mammals Initiative 10.4. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) IUCN Red List or Red Data List or Red Book Critically endangered (CR) [UPSC 2011-12] The ‘Red Data Books’ published by the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) contain lists of Which of the statement given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: b) 2 only Explanation BirdLife International (BI) [UPSC 2015] With reference to ‘Birdlife International’ which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation Answer: c) 1 and 3 only Challenges to Tiger Conservation Canine Distemper Virus (CDV) Prevention is better than cure Measures Taken by GOI Legal Administrative Financial 3-pronged strategy to manage negative interactions International Cooperation Global Tiger Forum (GTF) Tiger Task Force National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) NTCA members Functions of NTCA Mandates to the states Challenges Tiger Corridors List of macro-landscape level tiger corridors Core and Buffer Zones in Tiger Reserves Core area Buffer areas Tiger Census Estimation of Tiger Populations 2018 Census Methodology MSTrIPES – Technology in Wildlife Conservation Advantage of MSTrIPES 2018 Tiger Census Report (All-India Tiger Estimate) Shivalik Gangetic Plain Central Indian Landscape and Eastern Ghats Western Ghats The Northeast Important Observations from 2018 tiger census Other Important observations Tiger Census 2022 Highlights of the Tiger Census 2022 The International Big Cat Alliance (IBCA) Measures that led to the increase in tiger population 10.6. International Efforts Towards Tiger and Snow Leopard Conservation The Global Tiger Initiative Global Snow Leopard and Ecosystem Program (GSLESP) Snow Leopard Population Assessment in India St. Petersburg Declaration International Consortium on Combating Wildlife Crime TX2 and Tiger Conservation Excellence Award Conservation Assured | Tiger Standards (CA|TS or CATS) TX2 Award Tiger Conservation Excellence Award Project Snow Leopard Why to conserve the high-altitude ecosystem? 10.7. Reintroduction of Cheetahs in India Cheetah vs Leopard vs Jaguar Why Kuno NP? Concerns 10.8. Conservation of Lions Asiatic Lion Project Lion Mains Prectise: Explain the importance of India\'s Cheetah Reintroduction Project. Should a similar project be taken up for Gir Lions? Analyse. (200 words) Mains Prectise: Compare and contrast (differentiate) the challenges in conserving Bengal Tiger and Asiatic Lion. (200 words) 11. Wildlife Conservation Part II 11.1. Conservation of Elephants [UPSC 2020] With reference to Indian elephants, consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/ are correct? Explanation Answer: a) 1 and 2 only Asian Elephant vs African Elephant and African Forest Elephant vs African Savanna (Bush) Elephant Ecological Importance of Elephants Elephant Corridor Threats to Elephant Corridors Mitigation Project Elephant Other Intitiatives Haathi Mere Saathi Project RE-HAB Asian Elephant Alliance IUCN Asian Elephant Specialist Group (AsESG) 11.2. Conservation of Great One-Horned Rhino Rhino Species Across the World India’s Greater One-Horned Rhinoceros [UPSC 2019] Consider the following statements: Which one of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: a) 1 only Conservation Measures India Rhino Vision (IRV) 2020 Evaluation of IRV 2020 Way forward 11.3. Conservation of the Indian Dolphins Indian Dolphin Species South Asian River Dolphin (Platanista gangetica) Ganges River Dolphin – Susu (P. g. gangetica) Indus River Dolphin (P. g. minor) [UPSC 2015] Which one of the following is the national aquatic animal of India? [UPSC 2014] Other than poaching, what are the possible reasons for the decline in the population of Ganges River Dolphins? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation Answer: c) 1, 3 and 4 only [UPSC 2017] If you want to see gharials in their natural habitat, which is the best place to visit? Irrawady Dolphin (Orcaella brevirostris) Ganges River Dolphin Conservation Measures 11.4. Conservation of Indian Crocodile Species Crocodile vs Alligator vs Gharial Indian Crocodile Species Gharial (CR) Mugger/Indian Crocodile (VU) Saltwater Crocodile (LC) Indian Crocodile Conservation Project Madras Crocodile Bank Trust 11.5. Conservation of Turtles Batagur Turtles Species Northern River Terrapin (CR) Three-Striped Roofed Turtle (CR) Red-Crowned (Bengal) Roofed Turtle (CR) Nissilonia Turtle Species Leith\'s Softshell Turtle (CR) Black Softshell Turtle (CR) Indian (Ganges) Softshell Turtle (EN) Indian Peacock Softshell Turtle (EN) Indian Narrow (Small) Headed Softshell Turtle (EN) Sea Turtle Species Hawksbill Sea Turtle (CR) Kemp\'s (Atlantic) Ridley Sea Turtle (CR) Green Sea Turtle (EN) Leatherback Sea Turtle (VU) Olive Ridley Sea Turtle (VU) [UPSC 2013] Consider the following fauna of India: Which of the above is/are endangered? Explanation Answer: d) none Sea Turtle Conservation Project 11.6. Conservation of Indian Vultures Diclofenac and Indian Vulture Crisis Consequences of Depopulation of Vultures India Vultures Species White-Rumped Vulture (CR) Red-Headed Vulture (CR) Indian (Long-Billed) Vulture (CR) Slender-Billed Vulture (CR) Egyptian Vulture (EN) Himalayan (Griffon) Vulture (NT) Bearded Vulture (NT) Cinereous Vulture (NT) (Eurasian) Griffon Vulture (LC) Major Non-Indian Vulture Species White-Backed Vulture (CR) Ruppell’s (Griffon) Vulture (CR) Steps Taken by The Government Diclofenac Alternative Vulture Safety Zones (VSZ) Action Plan for Vulture Conservation in India 2020-25 Vulture Safe Zones Other Steps Taken for Vulture Conservation 11.7. Other National Efforts Project Hangul (Kashmiri Stag) Integrated Development of Wildlife Habitats Components of the Scheme 22 Indian Critically Endangered (Locally) Species Under Species Recovery Programme Mammals Marine Mammals Birds Reptiles Animal Welfare Board of India [UPSC 2014] Consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/ are correct? Explanation Answer: b) 2 and 3 only National Wildlife Action Plan (NWAP) 2017-2031 Components of 3rd NWAP (2017 – 2031) Landscape Approach to Conservation National Action Plan for Conservation of Migratory Birds (2018-2023) Central Asian Flyway (CAF) Green Good Deeds Initiative Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) 11.8. International Efforts World Wildlife Fund for Nature (WWF) Initiatives by WWF Earth Hour Debt-for-Nature Swap [UPSC 2014] With reference to Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS), consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? [UPSC 2014] Consider the following statements regarding ‘Earth Hour’ Which of the statements given above is / are correct? Answer: c) Similar Topic: Earth Day Network (EDN) & Earth Day International Whaling Commission (IWC) 12. Air Pollution – Causes and Air Pollutants Environmental Issues and Environmental Degradation 12.1. Pollution Air Pollution Major Causes of Air Pollution Vehicular and Industrial Emissions Improper Use of Pyrolysis Applications of Pyrolysis Advantages of Pyrolysis Fuel adulteration Emissions from Agriculture, Waste Treatment and Biomass Burning Stubble Burning Effects of Stubble Burning [UPSC 2015] Mumbai, Delhi and Kolkata are the three mega cities of the country, but air pollution is a much more severe problem in Delhi compared to the other two. Why is this so? (200 words) Geography and Climate Polluting Industries in close vicinity Vehicular Emissions Farm Straw Burning Winters are more polluted than summers in Delhi. Why? Household Air Pollution (Indoor Air Pollution) Volcanism – Acid Rain, Ozone Destruction [UPSC 2021-22] Consider the following: Which of the above is/are the emission/emissions from coal combustion at thermal power plants? Explanation Answer: d) 1, 2 and 3 Noise Pollution Permissible noise level in India Laws to control Noise Pollution Classification of Air Pollutants 12.2. Air Pollutants Particulate Pollutants Particulate Matter Less than 2.5 μm (PM 2.5) 5th World Air Quality Report Fly ash Composition [UPSC 2020] Consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: d) all Uses Policy measures of MoEF [UPSC 2015] Regarding ‘fly ash’ produced by power plants using coal as fuel, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below Explanation Answer: a) 1 and 2 Nanoparticles (NPs) Effects of Nanoparticles on the environment Dust cloud formation NPs and hydroxy radical (OH) NPs and ozone depletion Effect of NPs on stratospheric temperature [UPSC 2014] There is some concern regarding the nanoparticles of some chemical elements that are used by the industry in the manufacture of various products. Why? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Answer: d) all Black Carbon (Soot) and Himalayan Glaciers Brown Carbon Carbon Monoxide (CO) Health Effects Environmental Effects Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Effects on Health Effects on the Environment Ozone (O3) Tropospheric ozone formation reactions Harmful Effects of Ozone Stratospheric Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) HCFCs and HBFCs Halons [UPSC 2011-12] Consider the following statements: Chlorofluorocarbons, known as ozone-depleting substances, are used Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: c) 1, 3 and 4 only [UPSC 2023] Consider the following In the making of how many of the above are hydrofluorocarbons used? Explanation Answer: c) Only three Nitrogen Oxides (Oxides of Nitrogen) (NOx) Effects on Health and Environment Sulphur dioxide (SO2) India’s SO2 Emissions SO2 Emission Hotspots in India Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) Ethylene Formaldehyde Benzene Benzene Pollutants (VOCs and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons) [UPSC 2020] Which of the following are the reasons/factors for exposure to benzene pollution? Select the correct answer using the code given below: Explanation Answer: d) all Minor Air Pollutants Lead Ammonia (NH3) [UPSC 2019] Consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: d) all Asbestos Metallic Oxides Biological pollutants Radon 12.3. Radioactive Pollution Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants Safe Disposal of Nuclear Wastes Non-Ionizing Radiation Impact of Non-Ionizing Radiation from Cell Phone Towers Health Impacts Impact on Birds Ionising Radiation The Damage Potential of Radiation Particles Half-Life Period of Radioactivity Radiation Dose Impact of Ionizing Radiation DNA Damage Biological Damage 13. Air Pollution – Effects and Control Measures 13.1. Effects of Air Pollution Smog (Smoke + Fog) Sulphurous Smog Photochemical Smog Haze Effects of Photochemical Smog Acid Rain – Acidification The pH scale Gases that cause acid rain Chemistry of Acid Rain Wet Deposition Dry Deposition [UPSC 2013] Acid rain is caused by the pollution of the environment by Explanation More details: Answer: d) nitrous oxide (laughing gas; a strong GHG) and sulphur dioxide [UPSC 2022] Consider the following Excess of which of the above in the environment is/are the cause(s) of acid rain? Explanation Answer: b) 2 and 4 only Harmful Effects of Acid Rain Effects on soil Effects on humans Effects on aquatic life Effect on terrestrial life Effects on microorganisms Effect on buildings, monuments and materials Acid Rain Areas Acid Rain Control Measures Ocean Acidification Mechanism Other contributors Effects of Ocean Acidification Reduced Buffering Capacity Adversely Affects Marine Calcifying Organisms Impact on Cloud Formation [UPSC 2011-12] The acidification of oceans is increasing. Why is this phenomenon a cause of concern? Which of the statement(s) given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Artificial Cloud seeding Aerosols and their Impact on Monsoon Rainfall Aerosols Impact of Aerosols on Monsoon Rainfall ATAL – Negatively Affects Indian Monsoon Impact of Aerosols on Regional Rainfall Patterns [UPSC 2015] How far do you agree that the behaviour of the Indian monsoon has been changing due to humanising landscapes? Discuss. Impact on Monsoons High concentration of condensation nuclei disrupts regional patterns of Indian monsoons Ozone Depletion Halogen Atoms Like Chlorine Destroy Ozone Polar Vortex Acts as a Transporter for Halogens Polar Stratospheric Clouds (PSCs) Impact of Nanoparticles (NPs) [UPSC 2011-12] The formation of ozone hole in the Antarctic region has been a cause of concern. What could be the reason for ozone depletion at poles? Explanation Question: The formation of ozone hole in the Antarctic region has been a cause of concern. What could be the reason for ozone depletion at poles? Tropical Ozone Hole Mesosphere’s Role in Antarctic Ozone Depletion Effects on Health Air Pollution is the 4th Greatest Killer Worldwide Air Pollution and Occupational Health Hazards Black lung disease 13.2. Prevention and Control of Air Pollution Control of Industrial Pollution Filters Electrostatic Precipitators (ESP) Working Inertial Collectors Scrubbers Catalytic Converter Working Pollution Index to Control Industrial Pollution Categories of Industrial Sectors Based on Pollution Index Industries falling in various categories Coal Gasification Measures to Control Vehicular Pollution in India Bharat Stage (BS) norms BS VI from 2020 India’s UNFCCC commitments (INDCs) Advantages of BS-VI vehicles and fuel Impact Electric Mobility Phase II of the Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of Electric (& Hybrid) Vehicles in India (FAME India) Scheme EV Charging Guidelines to Encourage EV Adoption Electric Vehicle Charging Guidelines and Specifications: Tax incentives Scepticism Surrounding Adaptation of Electronic Mobility Challenges for the automobile industry Will electric vehicles reduce carbon emissions? Green Tax on Old Vehicles Proposed tax structure Polluters Pay Principle Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) National Clean Air Program (NCAP) NGT has Criticised NCAP Plan Other Criticism of NCAP [UPSC 2020] What are the key features of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) initiated by the Government of India? (250 words). National Air Quality Monitoring Programme National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) 2021 WHO Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) SAFAR System for Monitoring Air Pollutants National Air Quality Index (AQI) [UPSC 2016] In the cities of India, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of Air Quality Index? (2016) Select the correct answer using the code given below. Answer: b) 2, 3 and 4 only [UPSC 2022] In the context of WHO Air Quality Guidelines, consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above are correct? Measures to Control Air Pollution in NCR Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) Actions Under GRAP Severe+ or Emergency (PM 2.5 > 300 µg/m3 or PM10 > 500 µg/m3 for 48+ hours) Severe (PM 2.5 > 250 µg/m3 or PM10 > 430 µg/m3) Very Poor (PM2.5 > 120 µg/m3 or PM10 > 350 µg/m3) Poor (PM2.5 > 60 µg/m3 or PM10 > 100 µg/m3) Other measures Has GRAP helped? Measures to Reduce Stubble Burning PUSA Decomposer Super SMS and Happy Seeders Baler Machine Crop Residue Management (CRM) Scheme Objectives Smog Towers Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) by Gujarat How does the Emission Trading Scheme (ETS) work? Why was Surat chosen for the scheme? Other Measures Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana Green crackers Government Initiatives to Reduce SO2 emissions Flue-Gas Desulfurisation (FGD) systems 13.3. Measures to Regulate Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS) Vienna Convention and Montreal Protocol Montreal Protocol on Ozone-Depleting Substances Quito Adjustment Compliance [UPSC 2015] Which one of the following is associated with the issue of control and phasing out of the use of ozone-depleting substances? Explanation Answer: b) Kigali Amendment to Montreal Protocol 2016 Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) India’s position HFO Alternatives to HFCs The Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS) Rules India phases out of ozone-depleting HCFC-141b Closure of Hindustan Fluorocarbons Limited (HFL) 14. Water Pollution – Causes, Effects and Control Measures 14.1. Water Pollution Measuring Pollution Load in Water Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) [UPSC 2017] Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a standard criterion for 14.2. Causes of Water Pollution Industrial Wastes Heavy Metals in Surface Water Thermal and Radiation Pollution Mining Groundwater and Drinking Water Contamination Nitrates Trace metals Arsenic Fluoride Uranium Contamination Guidelines in India Radioactive Radon Freshwater Salinization Syndrome (FSS) Causes [UPSC 2013] Which of the following can be found as pollutants in the drinking water in some parts of India? Select the correct answer using the codes given below. Explanation Answer: c) 1, 3 and 5 only Sewage Water Ammonia Pollution in Sewage Agricultural Sources Nitrogen Pollution in India Invasive Aquatic Species Forked Fanwort Pollution in River Ganga Marine Pollution: Oil Spills and Plastic Oil Spills Recent Incidents of Oil Spills Impact of oil spill on marine life Marine plastic pollution 14.3. Effects of Water Pollution Effects on the Human Health Effects on the Environment Effects on Aquatic Ecosystem Ocean warming increases methylmercury toxin in fish Eutrophication and Ageing of Lakes Effects of Eutrophication Eutrophication and Algal Blooms Phytoplankton Phytoplankton Chlorophyll Mechanism Harmful Algal Blooms Eutrophication and Dead Zones The World’s Oceans have Less Oxygen Today Dead zones [UPSC 2018] What are the consequences of the spreading of ‘Dead Zones’ on marine ecosystems? Blue Tide Bioluminescence 14.4. Water Pollution Control Measures Bioremediation In-situ (at the site) bioremediation Recently, ‘oilzapper’ was in the news. What is it? Answer: a) Current Affairs-Based question. Keep track of similar developments. Ex-situ bioremediation Bioremediation of Arsenic Advantages of bioremediation Disadvantages of bioremediation [UPSC 2017] In the context of solving pollution problems, what is/are the advantage/advantages of bioremediation technique? Select the correct answer using the code given below: Bioremediation is limited to biodegradable compounds. Answer: c) 1 and 3 only Riparian buffers for Mitigation of Eutrophication Phytoremediation Sewage Water Treatment for Domestic Use Coagulation / Flocculation Filtration Sedimentation Disinfection Fluoridation pH Correction Removal of iron Removal of arsenic Bio-Toilets Terms associated with Bio-Toilets Anaerobic (Digester) Biodegradation System [UPSC 2015] With reference to bio-toilets used by the Indian Railways, consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: d) Neither 1 nor 2 EcoSan toilets Bio-Toilets in Indian Trains Major River Conservation Initiatives Ganga Action Plan (GAP) National River Conservation Plan (NRCP) National Ganga Council Members of the National Ganga Council Project Arth Ganga Namami Gange Programme Clean Ganga Fund [UPSC 2016] Which of the following are the key features of ‘National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA)’? Select the correct answer using the code given Below. Explanation Answer: a) 1 and 2 only Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) Performance of the mission Swachh Iconic Places Places selected for implementation Swachh Bharat Mission II National Water Quality Monitoring Programme 14.5. Measures to Curb Marine Pollution Convention on Dumping of Wastes at Sea 1996 Protocol 2006 Amendments to the 1996 Protocol The United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) International Seabed Authority (ISA) International Maritime Organization (IMO) Ballast Water Management Convention (2004) Bunker Convention (2001) Regional Oil Spill Contingency Plan High Seas Treaty (HST) What are High Seas (or Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction)? Need for BBNJ/HST Aims of BBNJ/HST Key features of the High Seas Treaty Achievement of ‘30×30’ Realizing the 2030 Agenda or SDGs Clear House Mechanism Opposition to the treaty 15. Plastic Pollution, Solid, Hazardous and E-Waste 15.1. Plastic Pollution Microplastics, Microbeads and Nanoplastics Microplastics Microbeads [UPSC 2019] Why is there a great concern about the microbeads that are released into environment? WHO: Microplastics in drinking water not a health risk Microplastics in Human Blood Nanoplastics Nanoplastics in the Human Food Chain Major Plastics in Use Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET Plastic) [UPSC 2022] With reference to polyethylene terephthalate, the use of which is so widespread in our daily lives, consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above are correct? Explanation Answer: a) 1 and 3 only Polyethylene/Polythene (PE) Polystyrene Effects of Plastic Waste Impact on Health and Life Impact on the Environment Dioxins Vinyl chloride Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 Extended Producer’s Responsibility (EPR) Responsibility Reuse of plastic waste 2018 Amendment 2021 Draft Rules Plastic Waste Management Amendment Rules 2021 Banned Plastics NITI Aayog’s Report on Alternatives to Plastics Major Findings of NITI Aayog’s Report Recommendations in the NITI Aayog Report [UPSC 2022] Which one of the following best describes the term “greenwashing”? Alternatives to Plastics Plastic waste in road construction Global Intiatives Against Plastics Global Partnership on Plastic Pollution and Marine Litter (GPML) GloLitter Partnerships Project International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Plastics Pact Un-Plastic Collective 15.2. Solid Wastes Sources of Soil Wastes Industrial solid wastes [UPSC 2020] Steel slag can be the material for which of the following? Select the correct answer using the code given below: Answer: d) all Residential and Commercial Waste Construction and Demolition Sites Bio-Medical Waste Treatment and Disposal of Solid Waste Open dumps Landfills Sanitary landfills Incineration plants Pyrolysis Plasma gasification [UPSC 2019] In the context of which one of the following are the terms pyrolysis and plasma gasification mentioned? Explanation Answer: d) Composting Vermiculture Biomining for Recycling Waste to Energy (WTE) Plant Challenges associated with Waste-to-Energy plants 15.3. Measures to Manage Solid Waste Solid Waste Management Rules (2016) Segregation at Source Collect Back scheme for packaging waste User Fees for Collection Waste Processing and Treatment Promotion of Waste to Energy Revision of Parameters [UPSC 2019] As per the Solid Waste Rules, 2016 in India, which one of the following statements is correct? Answer: c) Promoting the use of compost Constitution of Central Monitoring Committee Some other features Bio-Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2016 Salient features of BMW Management Rules, 2016 Procedure to be followed Problems of unscientific Bio-medical waste disposal Other Measures Waste Minimization Circles (WMC) Composite Waste Management Index: 2.0 Lakshya Zero Dumpsite 15.4. Hazardous Waste Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (Organochlorides) Applications of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Effects of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons (CHC) Perfluoroalkyl Acids (PFAAs) Endosulfan Ban on Endosulfan Hazardous Effects of Endosulfan Regulation of Persistent Organic Pollutants Rules, 2018 Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAs) 15.5. Regulating Hazardous Waste Stockholm Convention on POPs Important Listed substances Basel Convention on Hazardous Waste Shortcomings of Basel Convention: Toxic colonialism in the name of recycling Basel Ban Amendment to the Basel Convention Mains Practise: “There can be no excuse for using the developing world as the dumping ground for the toxic effluent of the affluent.” Examine this statement in light of the Basel Ban Amendment. (250 Words) Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent Joint meetings of Basel, Rotterdam, and Stockholm Conventions COP9 to Stockholm Convention Dicofol Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) COP14 to Basel Convention COP9 to Rotterdam Convention Hong Kong Convention on Recycling of Ships 15.6. Regulatory Measures by India Recycling of Ships Act, 2019 Recycling Requirements for ships National Authority Key Benefits of the bill Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2016 Other Wastes Standardisation of Steps of Waste Management by Occupier Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) Rules for the Import/Export of Waste Wastes Prohibited for Import Duties Assigned to State Governments for Waste Management Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facility for Hazardous Wastes Packaging, Labelling and Transport of Hazardous and Other Wastes Amendment of 2019 No Rules for the Disposal of Cigarette Butts Steel Scrap Recycling Policy Steel Production Process Circular Economy Key Features of National Steel Scrap Policy Scrap categories Objectives of the Policy Advantages of the Policy 15.7. Heavy Metals Lead Lead Poisoning Health Effects Mercury Sources Health Effects Methylmercury Minamata Convention Cadmium Sources Health effects Chromium Other Heavy Metals Arsenic Antimony Tin Zinc Barium Beryllium [UPSC 2013] Due to indiscriminate disposal of old and used computers or their parts, which of the following are released into the environment as e-waste? Select the correct answer using the codes given below. Explanation Answer: b) 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 only 15.8. Electronic waste (E-Waste) E-Waste Generation and Recycling India Issues Unsound Solar Waste Management 15.9. E-Waste Management Rules, 2016 [UPSC 2019] In India, ‘extended producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following? Answer: c) e-waste Salient Features EPR Finance Amendment in 2019 Salient Features E-Waste Management Rules, 2022 Targets Responsibilities 16. Highly Polluting Industries (HPIs) 16.1. Highly Polluting Industries (HPIs) in India Grossly Polluting Industries (GPIs) Water Guzzlers Industrial Emissions and Effluents Monitoring Issues 16.2. Pollutants From HPIs Thermal Power Plants (TPP) Pollution [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements regarding mercury pollution: How many of the above statements are correct? Explanation Statement 1 is correct Statement 2 is correct Statement 3 is correct Answer: c) All Iron and Steel Industry Processes involved Byproduct – Slag Air Pollution Magnetite Pollution [UPSC 2021] Magnetite particles, suspected to cause neurodegenerative problems, are generated as environmental pollutants from which of the following? Explanation Answer: b) 1, 2 and 4 Only or d) all (tricky question) Water pollution Cement Industry Copper Smelting Industry Processes Involved Copper slag Pollution Thoothukudi Sterlite Copper Plant Controversy [UPSC 2021] Why is there a concern about copper smelting plants? Explanation Answer: b) 2 and 3 Only Zinc/Lead Smelting Industry Pollution Aluminium Smelting Industry Pollution Red Mud Petroleum Refining and Petrochemicals Petroleum Refining Pollution [UPSC 2021] With reference to furnace oil, consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above are correct? Furnace oil is a residue of crude oil. Petrochemicals Pollution Fertiliser Industry Distilleries Paper and Pulp Industry Caustic Soda Tannery Sugar Industry Byproducts Air Pollution GHGs Water Usage Water Pollution 17. Land Degradation 17.1. Major Causes for Land Degradation Deforestation Major Causes of Deforestation Shifting cultivation Raw Materials Other Causes Effects of Deforestation Soil Salinity and Soil Alkalinity [UPSC 2018] Which of the following is/are the possible consequence(s) of heavy sand mining in riverbeds? Select the correct answer using the code given below: Explanation Answer: b) 2 and 3 only Effects of salinity and alkalinity Steps to treat salinity and alkalinity Desertification Ecological implications of desertification Measures for Controlling Desertification Waterlogging Faulty Methods of Agriculture Wind Erosion Water Erosion Raindrop erosion or Splash Erosion Sheet erosion Rill and gully erosion Streambank erosion Landslide Coastal erosion Groyne for coastal protection Glacial erosion Sea Erosion in India [UPSC 2022] Explain the causes and effects of coastal erosion in India. What are the available coastal management techniques for combating the hazard? (Answer in 250 words) Key Findings of the Report Why was there more erosion on the Eastern Coast than on the Western Coast? Erosion and Accretion Measures to Check Sea Erosion National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR) National Centre for Sustainable Coastal Management Desertification Setting in Across a Quarter Of India Regional causes behind desertification and degradation Deforestation due to illegal mining Apathy for environmental governance Desertification in cold areas 31% of grassland and 19% of common lands lost in a decade State of India\'s Environment (SoE) Report 2019 17.2. Addressing Land Degradation and Desertification Soil Conservation Crop Rotation Use of Early Maturing Varieties Strip Cropping Intercropping Contour Ploughing Checking Shifting Cultivation Mulching Benefits Contour barriers Rock Dam Terrace farming Contour Bunding Shelterbelts or Windbreaks Sand fences Afforestation Checking Overgrazing Dams Geotextiles [UPSC 2020] In rural road construction, the use of which of the following is preferred for ensuring environmental sustainability or to reduce carbon footprint? Select the correct answer using the code given below: Explanation Answer: a) 1, 2, and 3 only United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) COP of the UNCCD CoP-14 at New Delhi Only 25% of nations include gender discussions in land degradation targets Report on Soil Organic Carbon COP-15 at Abidjan Major Concerns UNCCD work and Impact The Great Green Wall Initiative UNCCD Global Land Outlook Report Loss of cropland due to urbanisation Increasing meat consumption across the world has put great pressure on land. Water scarcity Drought Cost Desertification from a Conservation Perspective Importance of reversing land degradation [Mains 2020] The process of desertification does not have climatic boundaries. Justify with examples. (150 words). Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN) Initiative 18. Climate Change and Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) 18.1. Climate Change (CC) and Global Warming How do we know about past CC events? Tree rings record Earth’s climate Ice cores from the cryosphere Greenhouse Effect Importance of Natural Greenhouse Effect 18.2. Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Global Warming Potential and Lifetime of GHGs GWP* Concerns with GWP* Super pollutants Carbon Dioxide How much Carbon is there on the Earth? Ozone [UPSC 2019] Consider the following: Which of the above are released into the atmosphere due to the burning of crop/biomass residue? Explanation Answer: d) all Water Vapour [UPSC 2011-12] The increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the air is slowly raising the temperature of the atmosphere, because it absorbs Explanation Answer: d) the infrared part of the solar radiation (outgoing radiation). Methane (CH4) Excess Isoprene Elevating Methane Levels Sources Uses Issues with excess Isoprene Methane emissions from Global Food Systems Nitrous Oxide (N2O) Black Carbon (Soot) Fluorinated Gases Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Perfluorocarbons or Fluorocarbon (PFCs) Sulphur Hexafluoride (SF6) Carbon Monoxide 18.3. Carbon Footprint Carbon Footprint of various Sectors Carbon Bombs About “Leave It In the Ground Initiative (LINGO)” State Wise Carbon Emissions in India 18.4. Climate Sensitivity Feedbacks Drive Uncertainty Permafrost Water vapour Clouds 18.5. Current State of Emissions Climate Change Performance Index Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2023 Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) 2024 Environmental Performance Index (EPI) Environmental Performance Index (EPI) 2022 EPI, 2022 and Performance of India 19. Climate Change Impacts and IPCC Reports 19.1. Impact of Global Warming Increased Frequency and Severity of Heat Waves Heat Wave Global Warming and Heat Waves Effects of Heat Waves Urban Heat Islands Causes Behind Urban Heat Islands [UPSC 2013] Bring out the causes for the formation of heat islands in the urban habitat of the world. (2013) Albedo of different surfaces Marine Heat Waves [UPSC 2019]How do ocean currents and water masses differ in their impacts on marine life and the coastal environment? Give suitable examples. (Answer in 250 words) IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) on Marine Heat Waves Marine heat waves Impact on marine productivity Impact on weather patterns More severe cyclonic storms Increased Incidence of Wildfires Australia’s Bushfires are Getting Severe Criticism of Australia’s climate policy Wildfires and Zombie Fires Have Reached the Tundra Concerns Shrinking Cryosphere Role of Cryosphere Consequences of Shrinking Cryosphere (Glaciers) Vegetation Change Surge-Type Glaciers and Disasters New Sea Routes in The Arctic region New shipping routes Access to unexploited resources Challenges associated with the new opportunities [UPSC 2017] How does the cryosphere affect global climate? (2017) [UPSC 2018] Why is India taking keen interest in resources of Arctic Region? (2018) [UPSC 2015] What is the economic significance of discovery of oil in the Arctic Sea and its possible environmental consequences? (2015) Arctic (or Polar) Amplification (PA) Why is the Arctic warming more rapidly? Why is PA much stronger in the Arctic than in Antarctica? What are the possible effects of Arctic warming? Warming Arctic Ocean Increasing Snowfall in Siberia [UPSC 2021] How do the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic differently affect the weather patterns and human activities on the Earth? Explain. (250 words) Sea Level Change Processes that cause Change in Sea Level Short-term sea level change Long-term sea level change Importance of understanding Sea Level Changes Sea Level Rise and Coastal Flooding Vulnerable areas in India [UPSC 2017] \'Climate change\' is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? [UPSC 2023] The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted a global sea level rise of about one metre by AD 2100. What would be its impact on India and the other countries in the Indian Ocean region? (Answer in 250 words) Small Island Developing States are the Biggest Losers Barbados Programme of Action (1994) Mauritius Strategy (2005) Regional Sea Level Rise (SLR) How much of a threat is SLR? Ways of protecting against SLR Tropical Cyclones are Becoming More Severe Unusual Timing and High Frequency The number and intensity of tropical cyclones is increasing in the Arabian Sea Increased occurrence of Severe cyclonic storms Unusual timing Changing path Mains Practise: What are the consequences of Global Warming (anthropogenic impact) on the Indian weather conditions? Deterioration of Carbon sinks Carbon Dioxide Fertilization Carbon Fertilization is increasing carbon sink on land [UPSC 2018] Which of the following statements best describes “carbon fertilisation”? Answer: a) Climate Migrants World Risk Index (WRI) 2020 High And Low-Risk Nations Climate Tipping Points Other Impacts Economic Losses [UPSC 2020] Which one of the following statements best describes the term ‘Social Cost of Carbon’? It is a measure, in monetary value, of the Answer: a) Ocean Deoxygenation Effects of deoxygenation of oceans Biodiversity Loss Food and Health Security at Risk 19.2. Coral Bleaching or Coral Reef Bleaching Coral Reefs Ideal Conditions for Coral Growth Corals and Zooxanthellae Symbiotic Relationship Between Corals and Zooxanthellae Causes for Coral Bleaching Ecological Causes of Coral Bleaching Temperature Changes Ocean Acidification [UPSC 2019] Assess the impact of global warming on the coral life system with examples. Subaerial exposure Inorganic Nutrients Xenobiotics Epizootics Australia’s Great Barrier Reef The Threat of Coal Mining Biorock Technology for Coral Restoration 19.3. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) IPCC Reports IPCC Assessment Reports (ARs) AR1 (1990) AR2 (1995) AR3 (2001) AR4 (2007) AR5 (2014) WG I to AR6 (Feb 2021) WG II to AR6 (Feb 2022) WG III to AR6 (Apr 2022) Emission by the Least Developed Countries Insufficient Pledges Recommended Solutions Low Emissions Technologies Land use patterns and climate change The contribution of land use patterns to climate change Synthesis Report of IPCC AR6 Key Findings for Synthesis Report of IPCC AR6 IPCC Special Reports Special Reports on Global Warming of 1.5 °C (SR1.5) Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL) IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate (SROCC) Ocean warming Sea Level Rise Cryosphere Suggested Solutions 20. Climate Change Mitigation 20.1. Climate Change Mitigation Measures Clean coal technology to reduce CO2 Emissions India’s coal Carbon Capture and Storage Carbon Capture Utilisation and Storage (CCUS) Carbon Sink and Carbon Sequestration Carbon Sink vs Carbon Source Carbon sequestration Forests as carbon Sinks Oceans as Carbon Sink [UPSC 2017] In the context of mitigating the impending global warming due to anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, which of the following can be the potential sites for carbon sequestration? Select the correct answer using the code given below: Explanation Answer: d) all [UPSC 2014] The scientific view is that the increase in global temperature should not exceed 2°C above pre-industrial level. If the global temperature increases beyond 3°C above the pre-industrial level, what can be its possible impact/impacts on the world? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation Answer: b) 1 and 2 only [UPSC 2021] What is blue carbon? [UPSC 2023] Consider the following activities: How many of the above activities are often considered and discussed for carbon capture and sequestration? Explanation Statement 1 is correct Statement 2 is correct Answer: c) All Geoengineering to Fight Climate Change Solar Radiation (Geoengineering) Management (SRM) [UPSC 2019] In the context of which of the following do some scientists suggest the use of cirrus cloud thinning technique and the injection of sulphate aerosol into stratosphere? Explanation Answer: d) reducing the global warming GHG Removal (GGR) or Carbon Geoengineering Forests for Carbon Geoengineering Artificial snow Transition Away from Coal Current phaseout efforts Barriers to Phasing Out Coal Power Livelihood impacts Stranded assets (Built-up infra) Electricity prices Irresponsible financing Climate Smart Cities Measures Required to Reduce the Heat-Retaining Nature Cooling Singapore – A Case Study Components of ‘Cooling Singapore’ Measures Taken in India Climate-Smart Cities Assessment Framework (CSCAF) Climate-Smart Cities Assessment Framework (CSCAF 2.0) [UPSC 2020] Account for the huge flooding of million cities in India including the smart ones like Hyderabad and Pune. Suggest lasting remedial measures. (250 words). Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) Some of the benefits of a green building are Transition to a Green Economy Measures to Adapt Green Economy Green Contracts Green tender Advantages Concerns 21. International Environmental Conventions and Laws – Part I Nature conservation Land Marine environment Atmosphere 21.1. United Nations Conference on the Human Environment (1972) Stockholm Declaration Principles of the Stockholm Declaration Importance 21.2. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Agencies Established/Implemented by UNEP Faith for Earth Initiative (FEI) Global Environment Facility (GEF) Areas of Work The GEF Serves as Financial Mechanism for the Following Conventions: Multilateral Fund (MLF) for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol The GEF works with18 agencies. Notable ones are: [UPSC 2014] With reference to ‘GEF’, which of the following statements is/are correct? Explanation Answer: a) Agencies Funded/Administered by GEF Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) – 2001 Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF) – 2001 Global Wildlife Programme (GWP) – 2015 Q. Consider the below statements about Global Wildlife Programme (GWP): Correct Answer: b) 2 only 21.3. UNCED/Earth Summit, Rio De Janeiro Landmark Agreements of the Earth Summit High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) 21.4. The History of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) Brundtland Commission UNCED or Earth Summit 1992, Rio De Janeiro Brazil [UPSC 2016] With reference to ‘Agenda 21’, sometimes seen in the news, consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: a) 1 only Post UNCED [UPSC 2015] What is the Rio+20 Conference, often mentioned in the news? Explanation Answer: a) Rio+10 (2002) or Earth Summit 2002 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015 Millennium Development Goals aimed to: Rio+20 (2012) or Earth Summit 2012 Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE) [UPSC 2016] Consider the following statements: (2016) Which of the above statements is/are correct? Answer: b) 2 only [UPSC 2018] The Partnership for Action on Green Economy (PAGE), a UN mechanism to assist countries in transition towards greener and more inclusive economies, emerged at (2018) Answer: b) UN Agenda 2030 – Sustainable Development Goals Goal 1: No Poverty Goal 2: Zero Hunger Goal 3: Good Health and Well-Being Goal 4: Quality Education Goal 5: Gender Equality Goal 6: Clean Water and Sanitation Goal 7: Affordable and Clean Energy Goal 8: Jobs and Growth Goal 9: Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure Goal 10: Reduced Inequality Goal 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities Goal 12: Responsible Consumption and Production Goal 13: Climate Action Goal 14: Life Below Water Goal 15: Life on Land Goal 16: Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions Goal 17: Partnership for the Goals [UPSC Mains 2019] Define the concept of carrying capacity of an ecosystem as relevant to an environment. Explain how understanding this concept is vital while planning for sustainable development of a region. 21.5. United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Conferences of the Parties (COP) to UNFCCC List of Major UNFCCC Summits Criticisms of the UNFCCC 21.6. Kyoto Protocol (COP 3; UNFCCC 1997) [UPSC 2022] Discuss global warming and mention its effects on the global climate. Explain the control measures to bring down the level of greenhouse gases which cause global warming, in the light of the Kyoto Protocol, 1997. (250 words) The Kyoto Protocol Emission Target GHGs Common but Differentiated Responsibilities Climate Reparation Historical Emissions Argument: Who is Responsible for Climate Change? UNFCCC’ Stand Initiatives for Climate Reparations Classification of Parties under the Kyoto Protocol Doha Amendment to Kyoto Protocol Flexible Market Mechanisms Under the Kyoto Protocol Expected Benefits of Flexible Market Mechanisms Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Carbon Credits Trading (Carbon/Emission Trading) Carbon credit Carbon trading Types of Carbon Trading Emission Trading/Cap-and-Trade Offset Trading/Carbon Project/’baseline-and credit’ Joint Implementation (JI) – Kyoto Protocol [UPSC 2011-12] Regarding \"carbon credits\", which one of the following statements is not correct? Explanation Answer d) Issues with the Flexible Market Mechanisms (Carbon Markets) Non-compliance of Kyoto and Penalties Criticism of the Kyoto Protocol Proposed: Carbon Tax as An Alternative to Carbon Trading (Proposed) Differential Global Carbon Tax (DGCT) (Proposed) Finance Energy Transition (FET – similar to DGCT) The Need for A Differential Global Carbon Tax Is Differential Global Carbon Tax a Globally Just Policy? [UPSC 2014] Should the pursuit of carbon credit and clean development mechanism set up under UNFCCC be maintained even through there has been a massive slide in the value of carbon credit? Discuss with respect to India’s energy needs for economic growth. Carbon Tax vs. Carbon Trading (Cap-and-Trade): Which is Better? India has a Sort of Carbon Tax National Clean Energy Fund (NCEF) [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements: Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? Explanation Statement 1 is speculative and not definitive and it is correct Statement 2 is correct but is not the right exaplanation for statement 1 Answer: b) 21.7. UNFCCC Summits Post Kyoto 21.8. Major Summits Before the 2015 Paris Summit Montreal (Canada) CCC 2005 (COP 11; CMP 1) Bali (Indonesia) CCC 2007 (COP 13; CMP 3) Poznan (Poland) CCC 2008 (COP 14; CMP 4) Copenhagen (Denmark) CCC 2009 (COP 15; CMP 5) Cancún (Mexico) CCC 2010 (COP 16; CMP 6) Green Climate Fund (GCF) Durban (Denmark) CCC 2011 (COP 17; CMP 7) [UPSC 2015] Which of the following statements regarding ‘Green Climate Fund’ is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation Answer: a) 1 only Doha (Qatar) CCC 2012 (COP 18; CMP 8) Warsaw (Poland) CCC 2013 (COP 19; CMP 9) Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC) Lima (Peru) CCC 2014 (COP 20; CMP 10) India’s INDC Objectives Money required to meet India’s INDC Tax-free infrastructure bonds National Adaptation Fund on Climate Change (NAFCC) Developed vs. Developing 22. International Environmental Conventions and Laws – Part II 22.1. Paris CCC 2015 (COP 21; CMP 11) Paris Agreement Climate Neutral Now [UPSC 2016] With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation Answer: b) 2 only [UPSC 2018] Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by [UPSC 2016] The term ‘INDC’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of China-U.S. Deal on Emission Cuts Net Zero Emissions and Carbon Neutrality How can Net Zero Emissions be Achieved? European Green New Deal India’s Objection to Net Zero UNEP Emissions Gap Report Findings from the EGR 2022 Findings of the EGR 2023 Temperature Rise Global GHG emissions Unequal Emission Across Countries Lack of Commitment Suggestions by the Emissions Gap Report 2023 22.2. Major Summits Post 2015 Paris Summit Marrakech (Morocco) CCC 2016 (COP22; CMP12; CMA1) 22.3. COP 26 [UPSC 2021] Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (Answer in 250 words) The Glasgow Climate Pact Carbon Markets What Does the Glasgow Pact Say? Major Outcomes of COP26 Collaboration Action for Climate Empowerment and Youth Gender Marrakech Partnership Paris Rulebook Article 6 Global Methane Pledge Enhanced Climate Actions by Other Countries Glasgow Breakthrough Agenda Glasgow Finance Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ) India at COP26 India’s Commitment – Five-Fold Strategy “Phase Down of Coal not Phase Out” Leader’s Declaration on Forests and Land Use Why didn’t India sign the declaration? LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) 22.4. COP27 Global Shield Against Climate Risks Initiative Vulnerable Twenty (V20) Group Group of Seven (G7) Illegal Wildlife Trade (IWT) and Climate Change Long-Term Low-Emission Development Strategy (LT-LEDS) India’s Long-Term Low Emission Development Strategy (India’s LT-LEDS) Loss and Damage Fund History of Loss and Damage Methane Alert and Response System (MARS) International Methane Emissions Observatory (IMEO) New Zealand to Tax Agricultural Emissions Carbon Border Tax 22.5. COP28 Key Highlights of the COP28 Global Stocktake Global Renewables and Energy Efficiency Pledge Share of Fossil Fuel in Emissions Phase Down vs Phase Out of Fossil Fuels Arguments of India for Not Phasing Out Fossil Fuels Global Cooling Pledge Declaration to Triple Nuclear Energy Loss and Damage Fund Declaration on Climate and Health First Health Day at a COP Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) Climate Finance Other Highlights of the COP28 Santiago Network Coal Transition Accelerator Coalition for High Ambition Multilevel Partnership (CHAMP) for Climate Action India at COP28 Global River Cities Alliance (GRCA) River Cities Alliance (RCA) Green Credit Initiative Green Credits Programme (GCP) Ecomark Phase II of the Leadership Group for Industry Transition (LeadIT 2.0) 22.6. Others UN-REDD and REDD+ [UPSC 2016] Proper design and effective implementation of UN-REDD+ can significantly contribute to Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation Answer: a) 1, 2 and 3 (UPSC Official Key) Forest Carbon Partnership Facility Objectives Climate and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) Short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) Benefits of Reducing SLCPs Other Minor Initiatives BioCarbon Fund Initiative Cool Coalition Global Climate Change Alliance + (GCCA+) Global Alliance for Climate-Smart Agriculture (GACSA) GHG Protocol Arctic Council [UPSC 2015] With reference to ‘Forest Carbon Partnership Facility’, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below Explanation Answer: c) 1 and 3 only [UPSC 2015] ‘BioCarbon Fund Initiative for Sustain-able Forest Landscapes’ is managed by the [UPSC 2017] Regarding ‘Global CC Alliance’, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below: Answer: a) 1 and 2 only [UPSC 2014] Consider the following countries: Which of the above are the members of the ‘Arctic Council’? Answer: d) [UPSC 2016] What is ‘Greenhouse Gas Protocol’? Answer: a) [UPSC 2018] With reference to the ‘Global Alliance for Climate Smart Agriculture (GACSA)’, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given 23. National Environmental Legislation – Part I 23.1. Pollution Related Laws The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1974 and its Amendments Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) Main Provisions of Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Bill, 2024 Decriminalisation of Minor Offences Exemption for Certain Industrial Plants Chairman of SPCB The Water Cess Act of 1977 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981 and its Amendment Important Provisions of the Act Amendment of 1988 23.2. Environment (Protection) Act of 1986 Definitions under the EPA 1986 Major Provisions of the EPA 1986 [UPSC 2019] Consider the following statements: The Environment Protection Act, 1986 empowers the Government of India to Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Answer: b) 2 only Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Classification of Projects that Require EIA Clearance EIA Process and Procedures Steps in the EIA process (EIA process is cyclical with the interaction between the various steps): Environment Management Plan Environmental Appraisal EIA of Coasts Single Window Clearance The Main Participants Of EIA Benefits of EIA Shortcomings of EIA Recommendations to Improve the EIA Process Salient Features of the 2006 Amendment to the EIA Notification Amendment to EIA Notification 2006 in Respect of Bulk Drugs and Intermediates Amendment to EIA Notification 2006 for EC Waver for Oil and Gas Exploration Draft EIA 2020 Notification (Expired) Issues with Draft EIA 2020 Rules Similar to Draft EIA 2020 Notification [UPSC 2020] How does the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2020 differ from the existing EIA Notification, 2006? (250 words) 23.3. Wild Life (Protection) Act of 1972 (WPA 1972) Salient Features of WPA 1972 Schedules Prohibition of Hunting Exceptions Establishment of Protected Areas Other Salient Features of the WPA Bodies Constituted under the WPA National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) Duties of NBWL State Board for Wildlife (SBWL) Central Zoo Authority (CZA) National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB) WPA Amendments till 2021 Wild Life (Protection) Amendment Act, 2022 WPA 1972 vs. WPA 2022 Aspects of ‘Conservation’ and ‘Management’ of Wild Life WPA 1972 WPA 2022 Invasive Alien Species WPA 1972 WPA 2022 Non-prohibited Activties in a Sanctuary WPA 1972 WPA 2022 Wild Animals, etc., to be Government Property WPA 1972 WPA 2022 Regulation of Transfer of Animal WPA 1972 WPA 2022 Criticism Dilution of elephant protection Regulation of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora as per CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) WPA 1972 WPA 2022 Criticism No clear connection between endangerment and conservation Rationalisation (Amendment) of Schedules WPA 1972 WPA 2022 Criticism No rationale behind the listing of species in schedules Help propagate invasive species Control of Sanctuaries WPA 1972 WPA 2022 Conservation Reserves WPA 1972 WPA 2022 Surrender of Captive Animals WPA 1972 WPA 2022 Other Issues with WPA 2022 Impact on people Research Against the federal structure of the Constitution 23.4. Wildlife (Protection) Licensing Rules, 2024 New guidelines vs Old guidelines 23.5. Forest Rights and Forest Conservation Indian Forest Act 1927 (IFA 1927) Reserve Forest (RF) Protected Forest (PF) Village Forest Criticism Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 (FCA, 1980) Features of the FCA, 1980 Restriction on Dereservation Appeal to National Green Tribunal Constitution of Advisory Committee Penalties Power to Make Rules 1992 Amendment FCA Includes Forests That are Not Notified Protected The Responsibilities and Powers of States Forest Conservation (Amendment) Bill, 2003 Objectives of the 2023 Bill Key Provisions of the Forest (Conservation) Amendment Bill, 2023 Restrictions on Activities in the Forest FCA, 1980 2023 Bill Land under the Purview of FCA Criticism: Limits Scope of the FCA Land Exempted from the Purview of FCA Criticism: Endangers Ecologically Sensitive Bio-geographic Regions and Biodiversity Hotspots Incentiving Private Agro-Forestry and Tree Plantation Activities FCA, 1980 2023 Bill Criticism: Incentivise Afforestation for Commercial Ends Assigning of Land through a Lease or Otherwise FCA, 1980 2023 Bill Power to Issue Directions Other Criticisms of the 2023 Bill FCA 2023 and the NE States What are the Concerns of Northeast Against Amended FCA? Land Exempted from FCA Clearance Land Deprived of FCA Protection Is FCA applicable to the Northeast? Nagaland Mizoram Rest of Northeast India 23.6. FCA 2023 and Odisha’s Deemed Forest Issue What are Deemed Forests? TN Godavarman vs Union of India (1996) What the FCA 2023 Says About Deemed Forests? Clarification by the Environmental Ministry Issue: After the Clarification Issues with the Odisha Government’s Order Regarding Deemed Forests Present Position of Odisha Government Forest Rights Act, 2006 (FRA 2006) Salient Features [UPSC 2021] At the national level, which ministry is the nodal agency to ensure effective implementation of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006? The FRA Act Identifies 4 Types of Rights Criteria to Claim Rights Under FRA Gram Sabha [UPSC 2016] Rehabilitation of human settlements is one of the important environmental impacts which always attracts controversy while planning major projects. Discuss the measures suggested for mitigation of this impact while proposing major developmental projects. Community Forest Resources Guidelines Forest Rights Act in Northeast Reasons why FRA is being ‘irrelevant’ in the Northeast: Critical Wildlife Habitats (CWH) 2011 Guidelines by MoEFCC 2018 Guidelines by MoEFCC How do the Guidelines Dilute FRA? [UPSC 2018] Consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: a) 1 and 2 only. National Forest Policy 1988 Other Aims and Objectives of 1988 Policy Draft National Forest Policy 2018 Aims and Objectives of 2018 Policy Afforestation Programmes National Afforestation Programme (NAP) Joint Forest Management (JFM) Examples of Joint Forest Management (JFM) Issues with Joint Forest Management (JFM) Social Forestry Components of Social Forestry Compensatory Afforestation (CA) Compensatory Afforestation Fund (CAF) Act, 2016 [UPSC:2019] Consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Problems with Compensatory Afforestation Green Credit Scheme FAC’s Arguments for the Green Credit Scheme Criticism of the Green Credit Scheme Aerial Seeding for Reforestation Dart Seeding 24. National Environmental Legislation – Part II 24.1. Biodiversity Act 2002 (BDA 2002) Three Tier Structure National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) Functions of NBA Regulation of Access to Biological Resources Benefit-Sharing Conservation and Sustainable Use People\'s Biodiversity Registers (PBRs) Biodiversity Heritage Sites (BHS) Advisory Role [UPSC 2011-12] How does National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) help in protecting the Indian agriculture? Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: c) 1 and 3 only [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Statement 1 is correct Statement 2 is correct Answer: c) Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill 2021 Objectives of Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill 2021 Key Features of the Biological Diversity (Amendment) Bill 2021 Access to Biological Resources and Associated Knowledge BDA 2002 2021 Bill Criticism: Ambiguity Regarding Codified Traditional Codified Knowledge Criticism: Exemption for Domestic Companies Approval for Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) BDA 2002 2021 Bill Benefit Sharing BDA 2002 2021 Bill Criticism Offences and Penalties BDA 2002 2021 Bill Criticism 24.2. National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 (NGT Act 2010) Members of NGT Jurisdiction Powers Principles of Justice adopted by NGT Review and Appeal Success of NGT Challenges Faced by NGT [UPSC 2011-12] The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 was enacted in consonance with which of the following provisions of the Constitution of India? Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Answer: a) [UPSC 2018] How is the National Green Tribunal (NGT) different from the CPCB Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: b) 2 only Development vs Conservation A Web of Regulation High Financial Costs Prelims Practice: Statements: Which of the above statement(s) are false? Explanation Answer: D) None 24.3. Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Rules Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Rules 2011 Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Classification (based on changes by CRZ Rules 2011) CRZ-I CRZ-II CRZ-III Areas up to 200 metres from HTL Area between 200 metres to 500 metres CRZ-IV Prohibited Activities Within CRZ Critical Vulnerable Coastal Areas (CVCA) Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Rules 2019 New Sub-Categories No Development Zone Streamlining of CRZ Clearance Floor Space Index (FSI) Norms Eased Tourism Infrastructure Permitted in Coastal Areas: Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan (ICZMP) Draft Integrated Coastal Zone Management Society of Integrated Coastal Management (SICOM) Enhancing Coastal and Ocean Resource Efficiency Program (ENCORE) Blue Flag Beaches Blue Flag Beaches of India BEAMS (Beach Environment and Aesthetics Management Services) Activities Permitted in the CRZ of Certain Beaches Issues with the Way the CRZ Rules are Executed Maradu Apartments Demolition Order Implications Mains Practise 24.4. Rules for Hazardous Microorganisms/Genetically Engineered Organisms or Cells 1989 Presently There are Six Committees [UPSC 2015] The Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee is constituted under the 24.5. Protection Against Chemical Disasters Strict Liability Principle vs Absolute Liability Principle The Supreme Court’s Intervention Issue: Lack of Accountability and Burden of Proof on Victims 24.6. Pesticide Regulatory Regime in India Pesticides Management Bill 2020 Need for a Fresh Law Pesticide Usage in India Recommendations States must be empowered to ban certain pesticides Pesticide promotion must not be allowed Class I pesticides should be banned Personal protective gear Polluter Pays Give powers to Union Ministry of Health There is a collapse of pesticide regulation 2020 Notification on Draft ban order Notable Pesticides in the List of 27 Proposed-To-Be-Banned Pesticides [UPSC 2019] In India, the use of carbofuran, methyl parathion phorate and triazophos is viewed with apprehension. These chemicals are used as Answer: a) Deemed to be Registered Pesticides or DRPs 24.7. E-Waste Management Rules, 2022 Salient Features of the New Rules Advantages of the amendments 24.8. Energy Conservation Building Code 2017 Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) International Energy Agency (IEA) Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022 Objectives Key Provisions of the Amendment Act Energy Conservation Initiatives in India 24.9. India\'s National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) National Solar Mission (JNNSM) Targets are Set for three phases [UPSC 2016] ‘Net metering’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of promoting the Explanation Net Metering Domestic Content Controversy [2015] To what factors can the recent dramatic fall in equipment costs and tariff of solar energy be attributed? What implications does the trend have for the thermal power producers and the related industry? Types of PV Modules National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency NMEEE Includes Four Efficiency Initiatives Under its Umbrella 1) Perform Achieve and Trade (PAT) 2) Market Transformation for Energy Efficiency (MTEE) 3) Energy Efficiency Financing Platform (EEFP) 4) Framework for Energy Efficiency Economic Development (FEEED) National Mission on Sustainable Habitat National Water Mission (NWM) Mission National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE) National Mission for A Green India The Intended Major Outcomes of the Project National Mission on Seabuckthorn [UPSC 2016] Which of the following best describes/describe the aim of ‘Green India Mission’ of the Government of India? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Answer: c) 3 only [UPSC 2011-12] Government of India encourages the cultivation of \'sea buckthorn\'. What is the importance of this plant? Which of the statements given above is /are correct? Answer: b) 1 and 3 only National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture Soil Health Management (SHM) Soil Health Card (SHC) Scheme What does a Soil Health Card Contain? National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change (NMSKCC) Indian Network on Climate Change Assessment (INCCA) National Communication (NATCOM) 25. Green Revolution and Sustainable Agricultural Practises 25.1. Green Revolution India’s First Green Revolution Introduction of High-yielding Varieties (HYV) Use of Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides Mechanisation of Agriculture Irrigation [UPSC 2023] From being a net food importer in the 1960s, India has emerged as a net food exporter to the world. Provide reasons. (Answer in 250 words) Bringing Green Revolution in Eastern India (BGREI) Government Initiatives to Strengthen BGREI Second Green Revolution for Sustainability Need for the Second Green Revolution [UPSC 2020] What are the major factors responsible for making rice-wheat system a success? In spite of this success how has this system become bane in India? (150 words). [UPSC 2019] How was India benefited from the contributions of Sir M. Visvesvaraya and Dr. M. S. Swaminathan in the fields of water engineering and agricultural science respectively? What We Want from the Second Green Revolution Making Second Green Revolution a Success Precision Agriculture Efficient Use of Water Sustainable Agricultural Practices [UPSC 2017] Explain various types of revolutions, took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How have these revolutions helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India? 25.2. The Concept of Sustainable Agriculture Sustainable Practises for Natural Farming and Agriculture in General Mixed cropping or Diverse cropping Advantages of Mixed cropping Monoculture Strip Farming Crop Rotation (Multiple Cropping or Multi-Cropping) Best Practises in Crop Rotation Mixed Farming Soil Management Vermicomposting (Palekar opposes the use of vermicompost in ZBNF) Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Biological control Cultivation practices Disadvantages of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) 25.3. Nutrient Management Macronutrients for Plants Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (2) Nitrogen (N) Function of Nitrogen in Plants Sources of Nitrogen for Plants Nitrogen Deficiency Phosphorus (P) Potassium (K) Calcium (Ca) Magnesium (Mg) Sulfur (S) Micronutrients for Plants Fertilizer Subsidies and Consequences Urea Subsidy Scheme Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS) Scheme How Is The NBS Fertilizer Subsidy Paid and Who Gets It? Issues With Fertilizers Subsidy Schemes Increase in Imbalanced Use of Fertilisers due to NBS Environmental and Economic Cost Measures Required 25.4. Organic Farming Bio-Fertilizers are a Key Aspect of Organic Farming Rhizobium biofertilizer Azotobacter bio-fertiliser Azospirillium bio-fertiliser Blue green algae [UPSC 2013] Consider the following organisms Which of the above is / are used as biofertilizer / biofertilizers Answer: b) 2 only Azolla bio-fertilisers Phosphorus solubilising bio-fertiliser Mycorrhizal fungi bio-fertiliser [UPSC 2013] Mycorrhizal biotechnology has been used in rehabilitating degraded sites because mycorrhiza enables the plants to Select the correct answer using the codes given below: Answer: d) all Compost Tea Bio char Agricultural Benefits Environmental Benefits The Present Status of Organic Farming in India [UPSC 2017] Sikkim is the first ‘Organic State’ in India. What are the ecological and economic benefits of Organic State? Initiatives to Promote Organic Farming in India Mission Organic Value Chain Development for North East Region (MOVCD-NER) Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojna (PKVY) National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP) Participatory Guarantee Scheme (PGS) Advantages of PGS over third-party certification Limitations of PGS Large Area Certification LAC vs. Old Certification Process Car Nicobar and Nancowry group of Islands certified LAC [UPSC 2018] With reference to organic farming in India, consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Answer: b) 2 and 3 only Natural Farming Benefits of Natural Farming Promotes Soil Health Challenges of Natural Farming Zero-Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) Components of ZBNF Bharatiya Prakritik Krishi Paddhati (BPKP) Scheme for Natural Farming Organic Farming vs. Natural Farming (ZBNF) Similarities Differences 25.6. Modern Agricultural Practices Precision Farming for Productivity and Sustainability Micropropagation High-density planting Geoinformatics for Precision Farming Global Positioning System (GPS) Remote Sensing (RS) Technique [UPSC 2019] For the measurement/estimation of which of the following are satellite images/remote sensing data used? Select the correct answer using the code given below: Explanation Answer: d) all Geographic Information System (GIS) Internet of things Future strategy Protected Cultivation of Horticulture Crops Green House Polyhouse Hydroponics Advantages of hydroponics More yield in a smaller patch of land Significantly reduced water usage yet superior yield Better quality control and better environment Better nutritional value of crops Better cultivation techniques and application of sci and tech Disadvantages of Hydroponics Capital-intensive Needs uninterrupted power supply Lack of awareness Aquaponics Aeroponics Advantage of aeroponics over hydroponics Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) GM Crops Major GM Crops Bt Cotton Advantages Problems with Bt Cotton Pink Bollworm Bt Brinjal Golden rice Benefits of GM Crops Crops Animals Environment Issues Surrounding GM Crops Safety Access and Intellectual Property Ethics Labelling Illegal Cultivation Issues with banning GM crops GMOs have already entered the food chain Illegal cultivation (Farmer’s rights vs. Government Regulation) FSSAI’s New Draft for GM Food Regulations Highlights of the New Draft for GM Food Regulations Various Agricultural Activities and Revolutions in Agriculture Various Agricultural Activities Mushroom culture 26. Energy Sources, Renewables and Energy Conservation 26.1. Conventional and Non-Conventional Sources of Energy Major Energy Sources Biomass Advantages of biomass energy Petro Crops (Plants) Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy in India Environmental impact of geothermal energy Tidal energy Cleaner (Alternative) Energy Sources Methanol Advantages of methanol as fuel Methanol Economy Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Calorific Value of Various Sources of Energy Total Installed Power Capacity in India Total Installed Renewable Power Capacity [UPSC 2016] Give an account of the current status and the targets to be achieved pertaining to renewable energy sources in the country. Discuss in brief the importance of National Programme on Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs). [UPSC 2018] “Access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy is the sine qua non to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).” Comment on the progress made in India in this regard. [UPSC 2022] Do you think India will meet 50% of its energy needs from renewable energy by 2030? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above objective? Explain. (250 words) World Energy Outlook and India Energy Outlook Report 2022 Findings of the report How Feasible Is India’s ‘Net-Zero by 2070’ Pledge? Towards ‘Net-Zero by 2070’ International Energy Agency (IEA) 26.2. Solar Energy [UPSC 2014] With reference to technologies for solar power production, consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: a) 1 only International Solar Alliance (ISA) Objectives of the ISA ISA Targets Delhi Solar Agenda Solar Facility by International Solar Alliance (ISA) [UPSC 2016] Consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Answer: a) 1 only One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG) Steps taken by India to increase the share of Solar Energy [UPSC 2020] Describe the benefits of deriving electric energy from sunlight in contrast to the conventional energy generation. What are the initiatives offered by our Government for this purpose? (250 words). PM-KUSUM Scheme Union Budget 2020 sets new targets Expected benefits of the PM-KUSUM Scheme Criticism of the PM-KUSUM Scheme Rooftop Solar (RTS) Programme National Programme on Solar PV Modules Expected Benefits National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy MoEF relaxed the lease norms for wind power projects Issues with Solar Power (in India) Pollution Not tapping into the commercial potential of recycling Karnataka’s Pavagada Issues [UPSC 2020] India has immense potential of solar energy though there are regional variations in its development. Elaborate. (250words) 26.3. Wind Energy Major Wind Farms Muppandal Wind Farm, India Wind vs Solar Solar is the winner Wind is the winner Offshore Wind Energy Potential in India Policy Onshore vs Offshore Offshore wins Onshore wins Wind Power: Issues and Challenges Envirnmental and Health Issues Repowering [UPSC 2022] Examine the potential of wind energy in India and explain the reasons for their limited spatial spread. (150 words) 26.4. Biofuel Generations of Biofuel First Generation Biofuels Second Generation Biofuels Third Generation Biofuels Fourth Generation Biofuel Advantages of Biofuels Increases the life of Vehicle Engine Less Carbon Emissions Easy to Source [UPSC 2023] Discuss several ways in which microorganisms can help in meeting the current fuel short-age. (Answer in 150 words) Economic Security Lower Levels of Pollution Cost-Benefit Disadvantages of Biofuels High Cost of Production and Future Price Industrial Pollution Changes in Land Use and Pollution Biofuel is less suitable for use in low temperatures National Policy on Biofuels 2018 Evolution of Indian Biofuels The Highlights of the Policy are [UPSC 2020] According to India’s National Policy on Biofuels, which of the following can be used as raw materials for the production of biofuels? Select the correct answer using the code given below: Answer: a) 1, 2, 5 and 6 only Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP) Programme Revised E20 Target Some Important Biofuels Bioethanol Biobutanol Biodiesel Biodiesel blend Advantages of Biodiesel Advantages over other alternative fuels Biodiesel from (Used Cooking Oil) UCO Harmful effects of UCO Biogas SATAT Scheme 26.5. Hydrogen Economy Hydrogen Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier Hydrogen as fuel Challenges Types of Hydrogen Current Status of Hydrogen Economy in India Hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas (HCNG) Hydrogen Blended Natural Gas [UPSC 2019] In the context of the proposals to the use of hydrogen-enriched CNG (H-CNG) as fuel for buses in public transport, consider the following statements Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation H-CNG reduces CO emissions. It does not eliminate it completely. Answer: b) 2 and 3 only [UPSC 2023] With reference to green hydrogen, consider the following statements: How many of the above statements are correct? Explanation Answer: c) All Green Hydrogen – Future of Hydrogen Economy Challenges in the use of Green Hydrogen Hydrogen Fuel Cell National Hydrogen Mission National Green Hydrogen Mission (NGHM) Salient Features of the National Green Hydrogen Mission Likely Outcomes by 2030 Interventions Policy Framework Opportunities Challenges 26.6. Challenges Faced by Renewable Energy Smart Grid to Address the Challenges The benefits associated with the Smart Grid include: Hybrid Energy Systems What do hybrid systems constitute? How do they work? The cost advantages Can hybrid systems substitute coal-fired power plants? Critical Minerals are the Key to Green Transition Challenges to India Measures required KABIL to Ensure Supply of Critical Minerals KABIL functions [UPSC 2017] “In spite of adverse environmental impact, coal mining is still inevitable for development”. Discuss. [UPSC 2022] Do you think India will meet 50% of its energy needs from renewable energy by 2030? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above objective? Explain. (250 words) 26.7. Measures to Boost Renewable Energy Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Objectives [UPSC 2015] With reference to the Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency Limited (IREDA), which of the following statements is/are correct? Answer: c) Both 1 and 2 Green Bonds for Funding Renewables Green Bonds Need for green bonds Sovereign green bonds 26.8. Energy Conservation Measures Energy Conservation Act 2001 Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) ECO Niwas Samhita 2018 Stars and Labelling Programme (BEE Star Label) Mandatory Appliances Voluntary Appliances [UPSC 2016] On which of the following can you find the BEE Star Label? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Answer: d) all Chiller Star Labelling Program What are Chillers? UJALA and SLNP New Energy Performance Standards for ACs Benefits of “24 °C default setting” for ACs Indian Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (ISEER) Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Bill, 2022 Objectives of the Energy ConservationBill, 2022 Provisions of the Energy Conservation Bill, 2022 Mandatory use of non-fossil sources of energy Carbon trading Energy conservation code for buildings Applicability to residential buildings Standards for vehicles and vessels Regulatory powers of SERCs Composition of the governing council of BEE 27. Water Conservation [UPSC] What is water stress? How and why does it differ regionally in India? Mains Practise: What is the difference between water scarcity and water stress? Describe the spatial pattern of water stress in India. 27.1. India’s Water Situation Per-Capita water situation India’s groundwater situation [UPSC 2020] Consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Explanation Answer: b) 2 and 3 only [UPSC 2023} Consider the following statements: Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements? Explanation Statement 1 is correct Statement II is incorrect Answer: c) I is correct but II is incorrect Causes for depletion 27.2. Measures by the Government Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) Powers and Functions: Regulatory Measures NGT vs CGWB NGT Guidelines Why such guidelines? [UPSC 2022] Which one of the following has been constituted under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986? Central Water Commission (CWC) National Aquifer Mapping and Management Programme (NAMMP) Objectives of the Programme Atal Bhujal Yojana (ATAL JAL) Features of ATAL JAL Scheme Jal Shakti Abhiyan Reasons for the failure of Jal Shakti Abhiyan Not much scientific planning went into JSA Facile assumptions Lack of long-term solutions [UPSC 2020] What are the salient features of the Jal Shakti Abhiyan. launches by the Government of India for water conservation and water security? (250 words). Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) Jal Jeevan Mission (URBAN) Objectives Jal, Jeevan, Hariyali Mission (JJHM) Har Ghar Gangajal Scheme BIS – Drinking Water Standards BIS’ Public Drinking Water Supply Draft Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) National Hydrology Project (NHP) 27.3. Recommended Conservation Measures Clean water sanctuaries Sponge City Concept What does a Sponge City need in practice? Benefits of a Sponge City Measures Required for Water Conservation 27.4. Droughts What is Drought? International Efforts for Drought Management Drought Management in India Way forward 28. Major Species and Invasive Species [UPSC 2012] Which one of the following groups of animals belongs to the category of endangered species? Obsolete question [UPSC 2013] Consider the following fauna of India: Which of the above is/are endangered? Obsolete question [UPSC 2012] Consider the following: Which of the above are naturally found in India? Cheetah is extinct in India. The rest are naturally found. 28.1. Mammals Mammals – Critically Endangered (CR) Mammal – CR – Andaman White Toothed Shrew Mammal – CR – Pygmy Hog [UPSC 2013] Consider the following Which of the above are found in India? Explanation Answer: a) 1, 2 and 3 only Mammal – CR – Himalayan Brown Bear Mammal – CR – Kashmir Stag / Hangul Mammal – CR – Large Rock Rat / Elvira rat Mammal – CR – Malabar Large-Spotted Civet / Malabar Civet [UPSC 2023] Consider the following fauna: How many of the above are generally nocturnal or most active after sunset? Explanation Answer: a) Only one Mammal – CR – Namdapha Flying Squirrel Mammals – Endangered (EN) Mammal – EN – Dhole / Asiatic Wild Dog / Indian Wild Dog Mammal – EN – Gee’s Golden Langur / Golden Langur Mammal – EN – Himalayan Musk Deer / White-Bellied Musk Deer Mammal – EN – Hispid Hare / Assam Rabbit Mammal – EN – Indian Hog Deer Mammal – EN – Kondana Rat Mammal – EN – Lion-Tailed Macaque [UPSC 2013] In which of the following States is lion-tailed macaque found in its natural habitat? Select the correct answer using the codes given below. Lion-tailed macaque is found in the Western Ghats. So, AP is the odd option. Answer: a) 1, 2 and 3 only Mammal – EN – Nilgiri Tahr Mammal – EN – Red Panda Mammal – EN – Sangai / Brow-Antlered Deer / Dancing Deer Mammal – EN – Western Hoolock Gibbon Mammal – EN – Wild Water Buffalo Mammals – Vulnerable (VU) Mammal – VU – Asian Black Bear Mammal – VU – Asian Small-Clawed Otter / Oriental Small-clawed otter Mammal – VU – Barasingha / Swamp Deer Mammal – VU – Bonnet Macaque Mammal – VU – Capped Langur Mammal – VU – Clouded Leopard / Mainland Clouded Leopard Mammal – VU – Dugong / Sea Cow [UPSC 2013] Consider the following animals: Which of the above is/are mammal/mammals? A sea horse is a Bony Fish (NCERT). Answer: b) 1 and 3 only [UPSC 2015] With reference to ‘dugong’, a mammal found in India, which of the following statements is/are correct? Select the correct answer using the code given below. It is found mainly on the west coast. Answer: c) 1 and 3 only Mammal – VU – Eastern Hoolock Gibbon Mammal – VU – Fishing Cat Mammal – VU – Four-Horned Antelope / Chausingha Mammal – VU – Gaur / Indian Bison Mammal – VU – Mainland Serow Mammal – VU – Nilgiri Langur / Nilgiri Leaf Monkey Mammal – VU – Nilgiri Marten Mammal – VU – Sambar Mammal – VU – Sloth Bear Mammal – VU – Smooth-Coated Otter Mammal – VU – Snow Leopard Mammal – VU – Stump Tailed Macaque / Bear Macaque Mammal – VU – Takin Mammal – VU – Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphin Mammals – Near Threatened (NT) Mammal – NT – Argali / Great Tibetan Sheep Mammal – NT – Asiatic Golden Cat Mammal – NT – Assamese Macaque Mammal – NT – Chiru / Tibetan Antelope [UPSC 2011-12] Q2. What is the difference between the antelopes Oryx and Chiru? Answer: a) Mammal – NT – False Killer Whale Mammal – NT – Grey Slender Loris Mammal – NT – Grizzled Giant Squirrel / Sri Lankan Giant Squirrel Mammal – NT – Himalayan Goral / Grey goral Mammal – NT – Himalayan Tahr Mammal – NT – Indian Wild Ass / Khur [UPSC 2011] A sandy and saline area is the natural habitat of an Indian animal species. The animal has no predators in that area but its existence is threatened due to the destruction of its habitat. Which one of the following could be that animal? Mammal – NT – Malayan Giant Squirrel / Black giant squirrel Mammal – NT – Marbled Cat Mammal – NT – Markhor / Screw-Horned Goat Mammal – NT – Rusty-Spotted Cat Mammal – NT – Siberian Ibex / Asiatic Ibex Mammals – Least Concern (LC) Mammal – LC – Asian Palm Cat / Common Palm Civet Mammal – LC – Asiatic Caracal Mammal – LC – Barking Deer / Indian Muntjac / Common Muntjac / Southern Red Muntjac Mammal – LC – Bharal / Blue Sheep Mammal – LC – Blackbuck / Indian Antelope Mammal – LC – Chinkara / Indian Gazelle Mammal – LC – Chital / Spotted Deer Mammal – LC – Golden Jackal / Common Jackal Mammal – LC – Humpback Whale Mammal – LC – Indian Flying Fox / Greater Indian Fruit Bat Mammal – LC – Indian Fox Mammal – LC – Indian Giant Flying Squirrel [UPSC 2023] Consider the following statements regarding the Indian squirrels: How many of the above statements are correct? Explanation Statement 1 is incorrect Statement 2 is correct Statement 3 is correct Answer: b) Only two Mammal – LC – Indian Grey Mongoose Mammal – LC – / Mouse Deer Mammal – LC – Nilgai / Blue Bull Mammal – LC – Red Fox Mammal – LC – Rhesus Monkey / Rhesus Macaque Mammal – LC – Small Indian Civet Mammal – LC – Tibetan Wild Ass Mammal – LC – Travancore Flying Squirrel Mammal – LC – Wild Boar Mammals – Miscellaneous (Misc) Mammal – Misc – Asiatic Wildcat / Asian Steppe Wildcat / Indian Desert Cat Mammal – Misc – Black Panther Mammal – Misc – Himalayan Wolf Mammal – Misc – Pangolin [UPSC 2021] Consider the following animals: To reduce the chance of being captured by predators, which of the above organisms rolls up/roll up and protects/ protect its/their vulnerable parts? Mammal – Misc – Pig-Tailed Macaque Mammal – Misc – Porcupine Mammal – Misc – Sela Macaque 28.2. Birds Birds – Critically Endangered (CR) Bird – CR – Nicobar Megapode / Nicobar scrubfowl Bird – CR – Baer\'s Pochard Bird – CR – Bengal Florican Bird – CR – Black-Naped Pheasant Pigeon Bird – CR – Bugun Liocichla Bird – CR – Great Indian Bustard Project Great Indian Bustard Bird – CR – Himalayan Quail / Mountain Quail Bird – CR – Jerdon\'s Courser Bird – CR – Pink Headed Duck Bird – CR – Siberian Crane Bird – CR – Sociable Lapwing Bird – CR – Spoon Billed Sandpiper Bird – CR – White-Bellied Heron Bird – CR – Yellow-Breasted Bunting Birds – Endangered (EN) Bird – EN – Black-Bellied Tern Bird – EN – Forest Owlet Bird – EN – Greater Adjutant Bird – EN – Indian Skimmer Bird – EN – Pallas\'s Fish-Eagle Bird – EN – Spotted Greenshank Bird – EN – Steppe Eagle Bird – EN – Manipur Bush Quail Birds – Vulnerable (VU) Bird – VU – Common Pochard Bird – VU – Great Indian Hornbill Bird – VU – Greater Spotted Eagle Bird – VU – Lesser Adjutant Bird – VU – Narcondam Hornbill Bird – VU – River Tern Bird – VU – Sarus Crane Bird – VU – Swamp Francolin Bird – VU – Yellow-Throated Bulbul Birds – Near Threatened (NT) Bird – NT – Black Necked Crane Bird – NT – Mrs Hume\'s Pheasant Bird – NT – Oriental Darter Bird – NT – Oriental White Ibis / Indian White Ibis Bird – NT – Painted Stork [UPSC 2014] If you walk through countryside, you are likely to see some birds stalking alongside the cattle to seize the insects, disturbed by their movement through grasses, Which of the following is/are such bird/birds? Select the correct answer using the code given below. Explanation Answer: b) 2 only Bird – NT – Spot-Billed Pelican Bird – NT – White Eyed Pochard Nicobar Pigeon / Nicobar Dove Birds – Least Concern (LC) Bird – LC – Amur Falcon Bird – LC – Bar-Headed Goose Bird – LC – Black-and-Orange Flycatcher Bird – LC – Common Hill Myna Bird – LC – Edible-Nest Swiftlet Bird – LC – Greater Flamingo Bird – LC – Grey Heron Bird – LC – Himalayan Bulbul Bird – LC – Little Egret Bird – LC – Nilgiri Flycatcher Bird – LC – Snow Partridge Bird – LC – House Sparrows Bird – LC – White-Bellied Sea Eagle 28.3. Fish Fish – Critically Endangered (CR) Fish – CR – Deolali Minnow Fish – CR – Ganges Shark Fish – CR – Hump Backed Mahseer Fish – CR – Pondicherry Shark Fish – Others Mammal – EN – Whale Shark Fish – EN – Golden Mahseer / Himalayan mahseer [UPSC 2022] Which of the following is not a bird? Fish – EN – Wagur Fish – NT – Black Spotted Croaker / Ghol Fish Fish – LC – Blue Finned Mahseer [UPSC 2019] Consider the following pairs: Wildlife: Naturally found in Which one of the pair given above are correctly matched? Irrawaddy dolphins are confined to the east coast of India. Answer: c) 1 and 3 only Fish – VU – Helicopter Catfish 28.4. Others Amphibians Amphibians – VU – Kalinga Cricket Frog Amphibians – NT – Purple Frog Amphibians – Misc. – Micrixalus (Dancing Frogs) Amphibians – Misc. – Nyctibatrachidae (Night Frogs) Reptiles Reptile – CR – Asian Giant Tortoise Reptile – EN – Black Spotted/Pond Turtle Reptile – EN – Jeypore Ground Gecko Reptile – VU – Star Tortoise Reptile – VU – Indian Flapshell Turtle Reptile – NT – Brown Roofed Turtle Reptile – NT – Sispara Day Gecko Reptile – LC – Indian Golden Gecko Reptile – LC – Tokay Gecko Reptile – LC – Indian Tent Turtle (Pangshura tentoria) Reptile – DD – Assam Keelback / Peal\'s Keelback Spiders Spider – CR – Peacock Tarantula Spider – CR – Rameshwaram Parachute Spider Insects Insect – EN – Migratory Monarch Butterfly Insect – LC – Golden Birdwing [UPSC 2023] Which of the following organisms perform waggle dance for others of their km to indicate the direction and the distance to a source of their food? Explanation Plants Plant – CR – Eulophia Obtusa Plant – CR – Indian Bdellium-Tree Plant – CR – Pyrostria Lalji Plant – CR – Malabar River Lily Plant – EN – Globba Andersonii Plant – NT – Chenkurinji Plant – Misc – Blue Poppy Plant – Misc – Glycosmis Albicarpa Plant – Misc – Indian Rosewood (VU) vs North Indian Rosewood (LC) Plant – Misc – Indian Sandalwood (VU) vs Red Sandalwood (EN) (They belong to different Genera) Sandalwood Cultivation in India [UPSC 2016] With reference to \'Red Sanders\', sometimes seen in the news, consider the following statements: Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Sandalwood Spike Disease (SSD) Plant – Misc – Kanjiram 28.5. Invasive Species Invasive Plant Species Acacia / Wattles Billygoat Weed Carrot Grass / Congress Grass Eucalyptus Forked Fanwort Lantana Mexican Prickly Poppy Mikania Micrantha Prosopis Juliflora [UPSC 2018] Why is a plant called Prosopis juliflora often mentioned in news? Water Hyacinth Conocarpus Invasive Mammal, Fish and Amphibian Species Domestic Cats African Catfish Gambusia Fish Indian Bullfrog
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